AustralieFrV1, Main, Exploration, bibRecord, 004F69

Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models for their response to climate variability and to CO2 trends

Identifieur interne : 004F69 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 004F68; suivant : 004F70

Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models for their response to climate variability and to CO2 trends

Source :

Global change biology : (Print) [ 1354-1013 ] ; 2013.

RBID : Pascal:13-0223320

Descripteurs français

Pascal (Inist)
- Evaluation, Cycle carbone, Modèle, Variation climat, Dioxyde de carbone, Fertilisation, Précipitation, Température.

English descriptors

KwdEn :
- Carbon cycle, Carbon dioxide, Climate variation, Evaluation, Fertilization, Models, Precipitation, Temperature.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate 10 process-based terrestrial biosphere models that were used for the IPCC fifth Assessment Report. The simulated gross primary productivity (GPP) is compared with flux-tower-based estimates by Jung et al. [Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011) G00J07] (JU11). The net primary productivity (NPP) apparent sensitivity to climate variability and atmospheric CO₂ trends is diagnosed from each model output, using statistical functions. The temperature sensitivity is compared against ecosystem field warming experiments results. The CO₂ sensitivity of NPP is compared to the results from four Free-Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) experiments. The simulated global net biome productivity (NBP) is compared with the residual land sink (RLS) of the global carbon budget from Friedlingstein et al. [Nature Geoscience 3 (2010) 811] (FR10). We found that models produce a higher GPP (133 ± 15 Pg C yr^-1) than JU11 (118 ± 6 Pg C yr^-1). In response to rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration, modeled NPP increases on average by 16% (5-20%) per 100 ppm, a slightly larger apparent sensitivity of NPP to CO₂ than that measured at the FACE experiment locations (13% per 100 ppm). Global NBP differs markedly among individual models, although the mean value of 2.0 ± 0.8 Pg C yr^-1 is remarkably close to the mean value of RLS (2.1 ± 1.2 Pg C yr^-1). The interannual variability in modeled NBP is significantly correlated with that of RLS for the period 1980-2009. Both model-to-model and interannual variation in model GPP is larger than that in model NBP due to the strong coupling causing a positive correlation between ecosystem respiration and GPP in the model. The average linear regression slope of global NBP vs. temperature across the 10 models is -3.0 ± 1.5 Pg C yr^-1 °C^-1, within the uncertainty of what derived from RLS (-3.9 ± 1.1 Pg C yr^-1 °C^-1). However, 9 of 10 models overestimate the regression slope of NBP vs. precipitation, compared with the slope of the observed RLS vs. precipitation. With most models lacking processes that control GPP and NBP in addition to CO₂ and climate, the agreement between modeled and observation-based GPP and NBP can be fortuitous. Carbon-nitrogen interactions (only separable in one model) significantly influence the simulated response of carbon cycle to temperature and atmospheric CO₂ concentration, suggesting that nutrients limitations should be included in the next generation of terrestrial biosphere models.

Affiliations:

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Le document en format XML

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<author><name sortKey="Ning Zeng" sort="Ning Zeng" uniqKey="Ning Zeng" last="Ning Zeng">NING ZENG</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland</s1>
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<placeName><settlement type="city">College Park (Maryland)</settlement>
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<orgName type="university">Université du Maryland</orgName>
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trends</title>
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<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="02"><s1>Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences</s1>
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<country>République populaire de Chine</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Sitch, Stephen" sort="Sitch, Stephen" uniqKey="Sitch S" first="Stephen" last="Sitch">Stephen Sitch</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>College of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter</s1>
<s2>Exeter EX4 4QF</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Exeter EX4 4QF</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ciais, Philippe" sort="Ciais, Philippe" uniqKey="Ciais P" first="Philippe" last="Ciais">Philippe Ciais</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ</s1>
<s2>Gif-sur-Yvette 91191</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>24 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>25 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>91191</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>CEA CNRS UVSQ</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Gif-sur-Yvette 91191</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Friedlingstein, Pierre" sort="Friedlingstein, Pierre" uniqKey="Friedlingstein P" first="Pierre" last="Friedlingstein">Pierre Friedlingstein</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>College of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter</s1>
<s2>Exeter EX4 4QF</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Exeter EX4 4QF</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Peylin, Philippe" sort="Peylin, Philippe" uniqKey="Peylin P" first="Philippe" last="Peylin">Philippe Peylin</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ</s1>
<s2>Gif-sur-Yvette 91191</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>24 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>25 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<wicri:noRegion>91191</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>CEA CNRS UVSQ</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Gif-sur-Yvette 91191</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xuhui Wang" sort="Xuhui Wang" uniqKey="Xuhui Wang" last="Xuhui Wang">XUHUI WANG</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University</s1>
<s2>Beijing 100871</s2>
<s3>CHN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>20 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>République populaire de Chine</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Pékin</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ahlstr M, Anders" sort="Ahlstr M, Anders" uniqKey="Ahlstr M A" first="Anders" last="Ahlstr M">Anders Ahlstr M</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="05"><s1>Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 1<sub>2</sub>
</s1>
<s2>Lund 223 62</s2>
<s3>SWE</s3>
<sZ>7 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Suède</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Lund 223 62</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Anav, Alessandro" sort="Anav, Alessandro" uniqKey="Anav A" first="Alessandro" last="Anav">Alessandro Anav</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="03"><s1>College of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Exeter</s1>
<s2>Exeter EX4 4QF</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>2 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>4 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>8 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Exeter EX4 4QF</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Canadell, Josep G" sort="Canadell, Josep G" uniqKey="Canadell J" first="Josep G." last="Canadell">Josep G. Canadell</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="06"><s1>Global Carbon Project, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Marine and Atmospheric Research</s1>
<s2>Canberra</s2>
<s3>AUS</s3>
<sZ>9 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Australie</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Canberra</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Nan Cong" sort="Nan Cong" uniqKey="Nan Cong" last="Nan Cong">NAN CONG</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University</s1>
<s2>Beijing 100871</s2>
<s3>CHN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>20 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>République populaire de Chine</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Pékin</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Huntingford, Chris" sort="Huntingford, Chris" uniqKey="Huntingford C" first="Chris" last="Huntingford">Chris Huntingford</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="07"><s1>Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane</s1>
<s2>Wallingford, OX10 8BB</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>11 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Wallingford, OX10 8BB</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Jung, Martin" sort="Jung, Martin" uniqKey="Jung M" first="Martin" last="Jung">Martin Jung</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 10 01 64</s1>
<s2>Jena 07701</s2>
<s3>DEU</s3>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Allemagne</country>
<wicri:noRegion>07701</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>P.O. Box 10 01 64</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Jena 07701</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levis, Sam" sort="Levis, Sam" uniqKey="Levis S" first="Sam" last="Levis">Sam Levis</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="09"><s1>National Center for Atmospheric Research</s1>
<s2>Boulder, CO 80301</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>13 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>National Center for Atmospheric Research</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Levy, Peter E" sort="Levy, Peter E" uniqKey="Levy P" first="Peter E." last="Levy">Peter E. Levy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="10"><s1>Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik</s1>
<s2>Midlothian EH26 0QB</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>14 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Midlothian EH26 0QB</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Junsheng Li" sort="Junsheng Li" uniqKey="Junsheng Li" last="Junsheng Li">JUNSHENG LI</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences</s1>
<s2>Beijing 100012</s2>
<s3>CHN</s3>
<sZ>15 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>16 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>République populaire de Chine</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Xin Lin" sort="Xin Lin" uniqKey="Xin Lin" last="Xin Lin">XIN LIN</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="11"><s1>State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences</s1>
<s2>Beijing 100012</s2>
<s3>CHN</s3>
<sZ>15 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>16 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>République populaire de Chine</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="12"><s1>College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University</s1>
<s2>Beijing 100875</s2>
<s3>CHN</s3>
<sZ>16 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>République populaire de Chine</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Lomas, Mark R" sort="Lomas, Mark R" uniqKey="Lomas M" first="Mark R." last="Lomas">Mark R. Lomas</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="13"><s1>Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield</s1>
<s2>Sheffield S10 2TN</s2>
<s3>GBR</s3>
<sZ>17 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Royaume-Uni</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Sheffield S10 2TN</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Meng Lu" sort="Meng Lu" uniqKey="Meng Lu" last="Meng Lu">MENG LU</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="14"><s1>Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road</s1>
<s2>Shanghai 200433</s2>
<s3>CHN</s3>
<sZ>18 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>République populaire de Chine</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Shanghai 200433</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yiqi Luo" sort="Yiqi Luo" uniqKey="Yiqi Luo" last="Yiqi Luo">YIQI LUO</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="15"><s1>Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma</s1>
<s2>Norman, OK 73019</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>19 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Norman, OK 73019</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Yuecun Ma" sort="Yuecun Ma" uniqKey="Yuecun Ma" last="Yuecun Ma">YUECUN MA</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University</s1>
<s2>Beijing 100871</s2>
<s3>CHN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>20 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>République populaire de Chine</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Pékin</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Myneni, Ranga B" sort="Myneni, Ranga B" uniqKey="Myneni R" first="Ranga B." last="Myneni">Ranga B. Myneni</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="16"><s1>Department of Geography and Environment, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue</s1>
<s2>Boston, MA 02215</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>21 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<wicri:noRegion>Boston, MA 02215</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Poulter, Ben" sort="Poulter, Ben" uniqKey="Poulter B" first="Ben" last="Poulter">Ben Poulter</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ</s1>
<s2>Gif-sur-Yvette 91191</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>24 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>25 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zhenzhong Sun" sort="Zhenzhong Sun" uniqKey="Zhenzhong Sun" last="Zhenzhong Sun">ZHENZHONG SUN</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="01"><s1>Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University</s1>
<s2>Beijing 100871</s2>
<s3>CHN</s3>
<sZ>1 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>6 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>10 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>20 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>23 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>République populaire de Chine</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
<settlement type="city">Pékin</settlement>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université de Pékin</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Tao Wang" sort="Tao Wang" uniqKey="Tao Wang" last="Tao Wang">TAO WANG</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ</s1>
<s2>Gif-sur-Yvette 91191</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>24 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>25 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Viovy, Nicolas" sort="Viovy, Nicolas" uniqKey="Viovy N" first="Nicolas" last="Viovy">Nicolas Viovy</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="3"><inist:fA14 i1="04"><s1>Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ</s1>
<s2>Gif-sur-Yvette 91191</s2>
<s3>FRA</s3>
<sZ>3 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>5 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>22 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>24 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>25 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>France</country>
<placeName><region type="region" nuts="2">Île-de-France</region>
</placeName>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Zaehle, Soenke" sort="Zaehle, Soenke" uniqKey="Zaehle S" first="Soenke" last="Zaehle">Soenke Zaehle</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="1"><inist:fA14 i1="08"><s1>Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, P.O. Box 10 01 64</s1>
<s2>Jena 07701</s2>
<s3>DEU</s3>
<sZ>12 aut.</sZ>
<sZ>26 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>Allemagne</country>
<wicri:noRegion>07701</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>P.O. Box 10 01 64</wicri:noRegion>
<wicri:noRegion>Jena 07701</wicri:noRegion>
</affiliation>
</author>
<author><name sortKey="Ning Zeng" sort="Ning Zeng" uniqKey="Ning Zeng" last="Ning Zeng">NING ZENG</name>
<affiliation wicri:level="4"><inist:fA14 i1="17"><s1>Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland</s1>
<s2>College Park, MD 20740</s2>
<s3>USA</s3>
<sZ>27 aut.</sZ>
</inist:fA14>
<country>États-Unis</country>
<placeName><settlement type="city">College Park (Maryland)</settlement>
<region type="state">Maryland</region>
</placeName>
<orgName type="university">Université du Maryland</orgName>
</affiliation>
</author>
</analytic>
<series><title level="j" type="main">Global change biology : (Print)</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Glob. chang. biol. : (Print)</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1354-1013</idno>
<imprint><date when="2013">2013</date>
</imprint>
</series>
</biblStruct>
</sourceDesc>
<seriesStmt><title level="j" type="main">Global change biology : (Print)</title>
<title level="j" type="abbreviated">Glob. chang. biol. : (Print)</title>
<idno type="ISSN">1354-1013</idno>
</seriesStmt>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Carbon cycle</term>
<term>Carbon dioxide</term>
<term>Climate variation</term>
<term>Evaluation</term>
<term>Fertilization</term>
<term>Models</term>
<term>Precipitation</term>
<term>Temperature</term>
</keywords>
<keywords scheme="Pascal" xml:lang="fr"><term>Evaluation</term>
<term>Cycle carbone</term>
<term>Modèle</term>
<term>Variation climat</term>
<term>Dioxyde de carbone</term>
<term>Fertilisation</term>
<term>Précipitation</term>
<term>Température</term>
</keywords>
</textClass>
</profileDesc>
</teiHeader>
<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The purpose of this study was to evaluate 10 process-based terrestrial biosphere models that were used for the IPCC fifth Assessment Report. The simulated gross primary productivity (GPP) is compared with flux-tower-based estimates by Jung et al. [Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011) G00J07] (JU11). The net primary productivity (NPP) apparent sensitivity to climate variability and atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>
 trends is diagnosed from each model output, using statistical functions. The temperature sensitivity is compared against ecosystem field warming experiments results. The CO<sub>2</sub>
 sensitivity of NPP is compared to the results from four Free-Air CO<sub>2</sub>
 Enrichment (FACE) experiments. The simulated global net biome productivity (NBP) is compared with the residual land sink (RLS) of the global carbon budget from Friedlingstein et al. [Nature Geoscience 3 (2010) 811] (FR10). We found that models produce a higher GPP (133 ± 15 Pg C yr<sup>-1</sup>
) than JU11 (118 ± 6 Pg C yr<sup>-1</sup>
). In response to rising atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>
 concentration, modeled NPP increases on average by 16% (5-20%) per 100 ppm, a slightly larger apparent sensitivity of NPP to CO<sub>2</sub>
 than that measured at the FACE experiment locations (13% per 100 ppm). Global NBP differs markedly among individual models, although the mean value of 2.0 ± 0.8 Pg C yr<sup>-1</sup>
 is remarkably close to the mean value of RLS (2.1 ± 1.2 Pg C yr<sup>-1</sup>
). The interannual variability in modeled NBP is significantly correlated with that of RLS for the period 1980-2009. Both model-to-model and interannual variation in model GPP is larger than that in model NBP due to the strong coupling causing a positive correlation between ecosystem respiration and GPP in the model. The average linear regression slope of global NBP vs. temperature across the 10 models is -3.0 ± 1.5 Pg C yr<sup>-1</sup>
 °C<sup>-1</sup>
, within the uncertainty of what derived from RLS (-3.9 ± 1.1 Pg C yr<sup>-1</sup>
 °C<sup>-1</sup>
). However, 9 of 10 models overestimate the regression slope of NBP vs. precipitation, compared with the slope of the observed RLS vs. precipitation. With most models lacking processes that control GPP and NBP in addition to CO<sub>2</sub>
 and climate, the agreement between modeled and observation-based GPP and NBP can be fortuitous. Carbon-nitrogen interactions (only separable in one model) significantly influence the simulated response of carbon cycle to temperature and atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>
 concentration, suggesting that nutrients limitations should be included in the next generation of terrestrial biosphere models.</div>
</front>
</TEI>
<affiliations><list><country><li>Allemagne</li>
<li>Australie</li>
<li>France</li>
<li>Royaume-Uni</li>
<li>République populaire de Chine</li>
<li>Suède</li>
<li>États-Unis</li>
</country>
<region><li>Maryland</li>
<li>Île-de-France</li>
</region>
<settlement><li>College Park (Maryland)</li>
<li>Pékin</li>
</settlement>
<orgName><li>Université de Pékin</li>
<li>Université du Maryland</li>
</orgName>
</list>
<tree><country name="République populaire de Chine"><noRegion><name sortKey="Shilong Piao" sort="Shilong Piao" uniqKey="Shilong Piao" last="Shilong Piao">SHILONG PIAO</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Junsheng Li" sort="Junsheng Li" uniqKey="Junsheng Li" last="Junsheng Li">JUNSHENG LI</name>
<name sortKey="Meng Lu" sort="Meng Lu" uniqKey="Meng Lu" last="Meng Lu">MENG LU</name>
<name sortKey="Nan Cong" sort="Nan Cong" uniqKey="Nan Cong" last="Nan Cong">NAN CONG</name>
<name sortKey="Shilong Piao" sort="Shilong Piao" uniqKey="Shilong Piao" last="Shilong Piao">SHILONG PIAO</name>
<name sortKey="Xin Lin" sort="Xin Lin" uniqKey="Xin Lin" last="Xin Lin">XIN LIN</name>
<name sortKey="Xin Lin" sort="Xin Lin" uniqKey="Xin Lin" last="Xin Lin">XIN LIN</name>
<name sortKey="Xuhui Wang" sort="Xuhui Wang" uniqKey="Xuhui Wang" last="Xuhui Wang">XUHUI WANG</name>
<name sortKey="Yuecun Ma" sort="Yuecun Ma" uniqKey="Yuecun Ma" last="Yuecun Ma">YUECUN MA</name>
<name sortKey="Zhenzhong Sun" sort="Zhenzhong Sun" uniqKey="Zhenzhong Sun" last="Zhenzhong Sun">ZHENZHONG SUN</name>
</country>
<country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Sitch, Stephen" sort="Sitch, Stephen" uniqKey="Sitch S" first="Stephen" last="Sitch">Stephen Sitch</name>
</noRegion>
<name sortKey="Anav, Alessandro" sort="Anav, Alessandro" uniqKey="Anav A" first="Alessandro" last="Anav">Alessandro Anav</name>
<name sortKey="Friedlingstein, Pierre" sort="Friedlingstein, Pierre" uniqKey="Friedlingstein P" first="Pierre" last="Friedlingstein">Pierre Friedlingstein</name>
<name sortKey="Huntingford, Chris" sort="Huntingford, Chris" uniqKey="Huntingford C" first="Chris" last="Huntingford">Chris Huntingford</name>
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   |texte=   Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models for their response to climate variability and to CO2 trends
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	Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie
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Serveur d'exploration sur les relations entre la France et l'Australie

Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models for their response to climate variability and to CO2 trends

Evaluation of terrestrial carbon cycle models for their response to climate variability and to CO2 trends

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